The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay Example For Students

The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week. An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers. Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project. Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. We will write a custom essay on The Federalist Papers And Federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, Publius. In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madisons Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New Yorks and Virginias ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, ;A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain its own political integrity (712). Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government. On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible. The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for the commercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. In American Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation. The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77). He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in American 85). The Federalist Papers also provide the first specific mention we have of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse. Both Hamilton and Madison regarded this as the most powerful form of government. As conceived, popularly elected House of Representatives would be checked and balanced by a more conservative Senate picked by state legislatures. (in 1913 the 17th Amendment changed this to the popular election of senators). Hamilton observed in letter number 78 that, A democratic assembly is to be checked by a democratic senate and both these by a democratic chief magistrate (318). In what many historians agree is his most brilliant essay, number 78. Hamilton defended the Supreme Courts right to rule upon the constitutionality of laws passed by national or state legislatures. This historically crucial power of judicial review, he argued, was an appropriate check on the legislature, ;The pestilential breath of faction may poison the fountains of justice; (317). Hamilton rejected the British system of allowing the Parliament to override by majority vote any court decision it finds to its dislike. ;The courts of justice are to be considered the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments; (318). Only the difficult process of amending the Constitution or the gradual transformation of its members to another viewpoint, could reverse the Supreme Courts interpretation of that document. In the most original of The Federalist Papers, Number 10. Madison addressed this double challenge. .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .postImageUrl , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:hover , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:visited , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:active { border:0!important; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:active , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Justice Billy Budd Essay His main concern was the need, To break and control the violence of faction (36). Meaning political parties. He regarded political partys as the greatest danger to popular government. Madison wrote: I understand a number of citizens are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. These passions or interests that endanger the rights of others may be . The Federalist Papers and Federalism Essay Example For Students The Federalist Papers and Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week. An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers. Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project. Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, Publius. In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madisons Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New Yorks and Virginias ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain its own political integrity (712). We will write a custom essay on The Federalist Papers and Federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government. On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible. The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for the commercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. In American Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation. The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77). He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in American 85). The Federalist Papers also provide the first specific mention we have of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse. Both Hamilton and Madison regarded this as the most powerful form of government. As conceived, popularly elected House of Representatives would be checked and balanced by a more conservative Senate picked by state legislatures. (in 1913 the 17th Amendment changed this to the popular election of senators). Hamilton observed in letter number 78 that, A democratic assembly is to be checked by a democratic senate and both these by a democratic chief magistrate (318). In what many historians agree is his most brilliant essay, number 78. Hamilton defended the Supreme Courts right to rule upon the constitutionality of laws passed by national or state legislatures. This historically crucial power of judicial review, he argued, was an appropriate check on the legislature, The pestilential breath of faction may poison the fountains of justice (317). Hamilton rejected the British system of allowing the Parliament to override by majority vote any court decision it finds to its dislike. The courts of justice are to be considered the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments (318). Only the difficult process of amending the Constitution or the gradual transformation of its members to another viewpoint, could reverse the Supreme Courts interpretation of that document. In the most original of The Federalist Papers, Number 10. Madison addressed this double challenge. .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .postImageUrl , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:hover , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:visited , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:active { border:0!important; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:active , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Provisional Voting Essay His main concern was the need, To break and control the violence of faction (36). Meaning political parties. He regarded political partys as the greatest danger to popular government. Madison wrote: I understand a number of citizens are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. These passions or interests that endanger the rights . The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay Example For Students The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week.An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers.Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project.Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. We will write a custom essay on The Federalist Papers And Federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, Publius.In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madisons Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New Yorks and Virginias ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain its own political integrity (712). Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government.On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible.The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for thecommercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. InAmerican Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation.The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77).He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in American 85). The Federalist Papers also provide the first specific mention we have of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse. Both Hamilton and Madison regarded this as the most powerful form of government.Asconceived, popularly elected House of Representatives would be checked and balanced by a more conservative Senate picked by state legislatures.(in 1913 the 17th Amendment changed this to the popular election of senators).Hamilton observed .. in letter number 78 that, A democratic assembly is to be checked by a democratic senate and both these by a democratic chief magistrate (318). In what many historians agree is his most brilliant essay, number 78. Hamilton defended the Supreme Courts right to rule upon the constitutionality of laws passed by national or state legislatures.This historically crucial power ofjudicial review,he argued, was an appropriate check on the legislature, The pestilential breath of faction may poison the fountains of justice (317). Hamilton rejected the British system of allowing the Parliament to override by majority vote any court decision it finds to its dislike. The courts of justice are to be considered the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments (318).Only the difficult process of amending the Constitution or the gradual transformation of its members to another viewpoint, could reverse the Supreme Courts interpretation of that document. In the most original of The Federalist Papers, Number 10. Madison addressed this double challenge. His main concern was the need, To break and control the violence of faction (36). .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .postImageUrl , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:hover , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:visited , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:active { border:0!important; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:active , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drunk driving EssayMeaning political parties.He regarded political partys as the greatest danger to popular government.Madison wrote: I understand a number of citizens are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. These passions or interests that endanger the rights of others may be religious or political or, most often, economic. Factions may divide along lines of haves and have-nots, creditors and debtors, or according to the kinds . The Federalist Papers and Federalism Essay Example For Students The Federalist Papers and Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week. An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers. Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project. Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, Publius. In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madisons Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New Yorks and Virginias ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain its own political integrity (712). We will write a custom essay on The Federalist Papers and Federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government. On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible. The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for the commercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. In American Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation. The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77). He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in American 85). The Federalist Papers also provide the first specific mention we have of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse. Both Hamilton and Madison regarded this as the most powerful form of government. As conceived, popularly elected House of Representatives would be checked and balanced by a more conservative Senate picked by state legislatures. (in 1913 the 17th Amendment changed this to the popular election of senators). Hamilton observed in letter number 78 that, A democratic assembly is to be checked by a democratic senate and both these by a democratic chief magistrate (318). In what many historians agree is his most brilliant essay, number 78. Hamilton defended the Supreme Courts right to rule upon the constitutionality of laws passed by national or state legislatures. This historically crucial power of judicial review, he argued, was an appropriate check on the legislature, The pestilential breath of faction may poison the fountains of justice (317). Hamilton rejected the British system of allowing the Parliament to override by majority vote any court decision it finds to its dislike. The courts of justice are to be considered the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments (318). Only the difficult process of amending the Constitution or the gradual transformation of its members to another viewpoint, could reverse the Supreme Courts interpretation of that document. In the most original of The Federalist Papers, Number 10. Madison addressed this double challenge. .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .postImageUrl , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:hover , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:visited , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:active { border:0!important; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:active , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adolecent Behavior In The School Environment Essay His main concern was the need, To break and control the violence of faction (36). Meaning political parties. He regarded political partys as the greatest danger to popular government. Madison wrote: I understand a number of citizens are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. These passions or interests that endanger .

The History of Stem Cell Research

The History of Stem Cell Research Free Online Research Papers Stem cells, many have heard the name, but really don’t understand the theory or research behind it. Stem cell research had a slow uprising in the mid 1800’s and had exploded here in the 21st century. It started out with the discovery that some cells can regenerate or create other cells. Now stem cell research is stuck in a controversy over the usage of these cells for research. The first real proof of stem cell capabilities was discovered in the early 1900’s with the discovery of the regeneration of blood cells. They’re similar to cells that duplicate through mitosis and a new creation of another cell all together. The first stem cell research came along with the findings of animal and human stem cells. A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate into various kinds of cells and tissues. It’s somewhat similar to a blank micro chip; it can be made to be specialized at anything, like our stem cells. When certain conditions occur in the laboratory stem cells can be manipulated to be specialized to create various kinds of cells and tissues. The main reason for this research is the treatment of life threatening and debilitating diseases such as cancer Parkinson’s disease and even diabetes. If scientists are able to figure out the genetic programming of these cells then one day they can program them to work for our benefit and make human life better, more sufficient and give us the ability to repair damaged tissues and organs and better understand disease processes. In work with the human genome experiments and advanced gene-line engineering stem c ells can be the next cure for everything and the possibilities are endless. Cloning of humans and animals and the permanent resistance of harmful and currently incurable diseases is the goal of this research in whole. There are different kinds of stem cells that contribute to research, but all are not constitutionally considerate and lead to the debates that we have now that cripple this research and slow down our race; the human race. The discovery of the embryonic stem cells is important to research which can only be collected from the inner-mass of the blastocyst (unborn fetus) seven to 10 days after initial fertilization in a human female uterus. There is the fetal stem cell, which the cells are taken from the germ-line tissues that make up the gonads of aborted fetuses. Umbilical cord stems cells are similar to those found in adult bone marrow. Placenta stem cells can accumulate ten times more stem cells than umbilical cord blood. Then there are adult stem cells, many can be isolated and used for the goals that want to be reached, but let’s narrow it down. There are three broad categories of stem cells classified by their abilities to differentiate or vary. Totipotent stem cells can ne found in early embryos and each of these cells can create one full organism such as an identical twin, very useful in the cloning of any organism. Pluripotent are like the embryonic stem cells and can vary into over 200 different cell types found in every human. Multipotent stem cells are those of adult cord blood and fetal tissue stem cells. Their abilities are narrower than those of pluripotent cells, but already have successful records for cell based and minor gene based therapies. The use of these cells are very complicated, but can be attained. The first real use of them was the administration of adult stem cells in connection with bone- marrow transplants. At this time bone marrow was being administered through the mouth to patients who suffered from anemia and leukemia. This therapy had no success, but led to the quick discovery of lab experiments that ultimately showed that mice with defective marrow could be restored to complete health by infusing marrow from other mice into the mouse with defective marrow. These lead physicians across the globe wondering if marrow could be transplanted from one human to another, which today is called the allogeneic transplant. Early experimentation of this procedure was happening during the radiation accident in the late 1950’s which kept it low on radar. Usage of this procedure didn’t inflate until a French medical researcher (Jean Dausset) made a discovery about the human immune system that discovered antigens that were proteins connected to most human cells that are called HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens). Basically they determine what belongs to one body and what does not, such as, blood germs ect†¦ If the body doesn’t recognize the series of proteins or antigens on the cell walls of the cells then the body creates anti bodies and other things to dispose of it. A bone marrow between complete identical twins guarantees complete HLA compatibility between the donor and recipient. Not until the late 1600’s were scientists able to perform these kind of transplants on non identical siblings. The first successful transplant of unrelated bone marrow between two non siblings happe ned in ’73 requiring 7 transplants to be complete. With this, in ’84 the National Donor Society was created and is the first national list of donors, thanks to Congress and the Nation Organ Transplant Act. It allowed clearance to evaluate unrelated marrow, which lead to the NDWP (National Marrow Donor Program) that took over lists for hundreds of thousands of people in ’90. So far the NDWP has completed over 16,000 transplants for treatments of immunodeficiency and leukemia combined. Adult stem cells have also been a perfect candidate for research due to their ability to form many kinds of cells and tissues that can repair brain, liver and even heart cells, consumed by disease, but there were some very unhappy people debating these procedures. Pro-Life activists believe that it is unethical to take a life to save a life and started this debate. This is purely scientific and is rendering stem cell research hopeless because, it is totally impossible to harvest the potential of these cells using them to save the living and protect the â€Å"sanctity of life† at the same time. With plain fact that these cells possibly hold the secrets to cures preventions and treatments of the most undetermined diseases it would seem that this would be a no brainer. Politically though the battle is something of a tougher substance. This debate is clearly the battle over abortion and religiously an embryo is considered a life, but many families and patients depend on the use of these cells. Also, these cells would normally be discarded and put to no use. This debate has left political figureheads left with the fact that any decision made can be considered to be left at a reevaluation of positions. In ’73 a moratorium was placed on the government for federal funding of stem cell research. Then in ’88 a NIH panel voted 19 to 2 in favor of federal funding for research. In ’90 Congress voted to veto that overrode the moratorium on federal funding. Which was then vetoed by George Bush then lifted by Clinton, but changed his mind after a public outcry to him about religion. Thus banned in ’95. Again in 2000 it was allowed , but only on pre- existing aborted fetuses and or stem lines. Though the decision to give federal fund ing was difficult, Bush decided to give way to stem cell lines that are already in various stem cell facilities, but leaving all excess embryos (over 100,000) left to be discarded in these facilities. He said that had to take upon this issue with great care. He left the funding for adult stem cell research at 250,000 dollars per year. In Novembers 2004 election California had a Stem Cell research funding ballot that won 60% to 40% and has established the California Institute for Regenerative Health to regulate the cost of research and the research facilities. Before it was as simple as a mother who willingly signs to donate her embryo after independently deciding to abort pregnancy, but now that has been destroyed. Political debate has crippled the thought of having a faster way of acquiring these cells for research, but still continues and gives everyone a chance to prove what human life has to offer even at the brink of death or destruction. Stem cells can be a new light for many and give those dying a chance for survival, but if lives are to be taken away for that, what is the price for our actions and is it worth it? This debate is no where near over and the future of the living and â€Å"living† is at hand and it is not something that any of these side will easily give in to. Some believe it is a personal right to be able to have abortions and donate their offspring to the future of mankind and some stick to their morale ethics because, it is what they believe. There is only one answer and no mid-point between them. Research Papers on The History of Stem Cell ResearchGenetic EngineeringAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentThree Concepts of PsychodynamicPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on Children

Mettre les pieds dans le plat - French Expression

Mettre les pieds dans le plat - French Expression Expression: Mettre les pieds dans le plat Pronunciation: [ meh treu lay pyay da(n) leu pla] Meaning: To mess up, to speak with excessive candor, to discuss something inappropriate Literal translation: To put ones feet in the dish Register: Informal Notes You cant help but notice the similarity between the French expression mettre les pieds dans le plat and the English to put ones foot in ones mouth, but they dont mean quite the same thing. The French expression means to bring up a delicate subject without any delicacy at all, or to discuss a topic that everyone else is avoiding. This is probably not embarrassing to the speaker, who just wants to talk about that subject (even if that means unintentionally embarrassing everyone else in the room). The English expression, however, definitely implies embarrassment on the part of the speaker, since it means that youve just committed a social blunder by saying just about anything you shouldnt have, possibly about something that is- was- a secret (such as the person youre talking to getting fired, or you knowing about someones extra-marital affair). This would probably be translated by something generic like faire une gaffe. Examples   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je parle trà ¨s franchement- je mets souvent les pieds dans le plat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  I speak very frankly- often too frankly.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Oh l l, tu as bien mis les pieds dans le plat, l  !   Ã‚  Ã‚  Oh dear, you messed up there!

Sentencing Guidelines Reform Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sentencing Guidelines Reform - Research Paper Example Likewise alternatives have been looked at for offenders of non-violent crime, such as community service. The Need for Sentencing Reforms The prison population has been rapidly growing for many years, with an increase of 7% in the period from 2000 to 2005 (King, 2007). The cost per day per prisoner of keeping criminals incarcerated is significant making the increases in prison population detrimental to the budgets of many states. In addition, there are costs associated with building new prisons if the population increases to that extend, and the associated space and land use. This places heavy demand on policy makers to try and determine sentencing laws and reforms that will limit the prison population. Punishments for crime are developed for multiple reasons including political, such as trying to win votes in an election, however one of the predominant drivers is decreasing the level of crime. The potential outcomes for committing a crime play a large role when individuals decide whe ther to follow through with a crime. For example, crime and punishment can be viewed as part of an economic model, where those who consider crimes weigh up the benefits of the crime versus all the potential costs. If the punishment for crime is high compared to the reward, then they are more likely to reconsider, this is especially true if the likelihood of prosecution and punishment is high (Reynolds, 1990). For this reason changes in sentencing must look at a balance between keeping the number of prisoners low, but still providing effective punishment and deterrent for crimes. In addition, punishment for crime can act to change behavior in criminals. For example, drug offenders are often driven largely by a need which comes from their addiction, and thieves may be responding to greed. Prison life may change this desire in a portion of those who are incarcerated, giving them time to think about who they are and what they are doing. Programs within prison and outside of it that focu s on breaking addictive behaviors, such as treatment options for drug offenders can also be very productive methods of reducing crime rate. This is because without the addiction driving them, many criminals that committed drug offenses will no longer have the same strong need or desire to. Finally, incarceration is not an effective solution in all cases. When a crime is committed out of a perceived need, particularly in the case of drug addiction, incarceration acts as a punishment, but does nothing to reduce the likelihood of re-offense. When the criminal is released, the drivers that caused him to offend in the first case are still present, and re-offense is very likely. Drug Based Sentencing Reforms Sentencing reform legislation has focused on criminals who have committed low level offenses. This section will examine some of the types of legislation in more detail. Thirteen states passed legislation that looked at increasing the available options for drug treatment for the large number of non-violent drug-based crimes. Of these states, nine passed laws that created or extended sentencing diversion for drug offenders. Sentencing diversion involves sentencing sending the criminal to a facility or a program that worked with them in treating their drug problem. This was already present in a number of states, but sentencing reforms worked to clarify ambiguities within the law, thus allowing sentencing diversion to be used in an increased number of cases. Louisiana established a different sentencing diversion model for drug crimes than is used in other states. The model in this state allows for the sentence to be diverted and the individual to begin the treatment program without a statement of guilt, or a

How are the causes of the french revolution portrayed through the Essay

How are the causes of the french revolution portrayed through the visual arts - Essay Example Popular violence defined the French Revolution whose slogan was Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. Violent turmoil, which included the trial and execution of the king, warfare involving every major European power, vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror marked these changes. Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions are the subsequent events that one can trace to the Revolution as modern France took shape. Many causes brought about the French Revolution one major cause being the disputes between the different types of social classes in French society. The social structure of France was divided among three groups that included the First Estate, the Second Estate and the Third Estate. Each of these social groups had different types of people who presented the different views of the people within their structure. The Church or the Clergy was the First Estate, which during the ancient regime was equal in terms of its economic, social and spiritual power. Being the first estate, the church owned approximately 10 per cent of all the land in France. It paid no taxes but collected a tax on income or a tithe to support church activities such as running schools and caring for the poor. Of the entire clergy in France, about one-third of them served as parish priests who usually lived a hardworking life. They lived in luxury in Versailles, Paris and other major cities in France. Having approximat ely 1 to 2 per cent of the population, this Estate was the minority of the people in France. However, there were many poor clergymen in this Estate, and they too were going to support the Revolution. The Second Estate in French life was the nobility who made up less than 2 percent of the population and enjoyed extensive rights and privileges. Like the First Estate, they hardly paid any taxes but they taxed the peasantry. Nobles were generally the

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay My objective for graduate studies in Science is to prepare myself for the long term goal of pursuing a career in teaching and research. I have chosen to work in the area of Science which requires good Mathematical and Computer Science background. This decision will give me ample opportunity to consolidate my creative energies. My education suits this field as I have a Bachelor’s of Science with Honors in the field of Mathematics. I started teaching as soon as I finished BS (Honors) Mathematics in 2007. I taught Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science subjects to high school students, and greatly enjoyed this work. I live in Gujranwala, which is the seventh largest city of Pakistan. My surrounding has profound impacts on me. The social, economic and political instability in the region has stimulated me to play my part in the development of the people. Teaching gives me a sense of constructive participation in the region by giving others an intellect and funneling their energies in the constructive direction. At undergraduate level, I have studied courses both, analytical as well as numerical methods for Mathematical Modeling and Simulation, and Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations and Partial Differential Equations with Analytical solutions. I have learned and developed capabilities of programming using C/C++, Matlab and Mathematica. Moreover I have studied subjects in Physics, Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics, Analytical Dynamics and Computer Networks. Pakistan is a developing country with insufficient experts in science. To serve the needs of this industry, science needs to be developed and used. Thus conditions here are very conducive towards an application of my aspirations, when I return after completing my graduate studies. I would consider it my privilege to be able to pursue my graduate studies in Sweden and avail the excellent infrastructural facilities and research opportunities offered by university. I am sure that the stimulating academic environment and interaction with the distinguished faculty at university will prove immensely fruitful and facilitate my development as an individual researcher in my field.

Stereotyping of the Native Americans in the 1820s and 1830s Essay

Stereotyping of the Native Americans in the 1820's and 1830's For Americans moving west in the 1820's and 30's there was little firsthand knowledge of what the frontier would be like when they arrived. There was a lot of presumption about the Indians. Many felt, through the stories they heard and read, that they had sufficient information to know what the Indians would truly be like and how to respond to them. Unfortunately, as is described in James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, white settlers stereotyped the Native Americans as savage, heartless beasts. There was a rushing out of men, women, and children, with the cracking of rifles, the crashing of hatchets, the lunge of knives, with yells and shrieks such as would turn the spirit into ice and water to hearI saw the weakest of them all- the old grandma, with the youngest babe in her arms, come flying into the cornwhen the pursuercaught up with her and struck her down with his tomahawk. Then friend, he snatched the poor babe from the dying woman's arms and struck it with the same bloody hatchet. (qtd in Myers 48) Cooper's romanticizing of the Old West, created an inaccurate picture of Native Americans, but he was not the only one. Eighteenth and Nineteenth-century literature shows us many incorrect representations of Native Americans. With passages like the one above, captivity narratives, and the descriptions of Indian wars, is it any wonder that people were afraid of the Indians they would encounter out west? When people moved out into the frontier all the biased opinions they had been fed went with them. They took the mental pictures that the media of the day proposed and made them real in their minds eye. But the fear they took with them was almos... ... Shoe String Press Inc., 1977. Frizzell, Lodisa. Across the Plains to California in 1852. New York: New York Public Library, 1915. LeBeau, Sebastian (Bronco). "The Good River Reservation." April 2002. The Great Sioux Nation Website. Myres, Sandra L. Westering Women and the Frontier Experience 1800-1915. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982. "Noble savage." Webster's New World College Dictionary. 4th ed. 1999. Scheckel, Susan. Desert, Garden, Margin, Range: Chpt. 6: Mary Jemison and the Domestication of the American Frontier. Ed. Eric Heyne. New York, NY: Twayne Publishers, 1992. Seaver, James E. A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison. ed. June Namias. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University, 1992. Shaw, Anna H. The Story of a Pioneer. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1915.