The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay Example For Students

The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week. An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers. Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project. Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. We will write a custom essay on The Federalist Papers And Federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, Publius. In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madisons Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New Yorks and Virginias ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, ;A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain its own political integrity (712). Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government. On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible. The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for the commercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. In American Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation. The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77). He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in American 85). The Federalist Papers also provide the first specific mention we have of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse. Both Hamilton and Madison regarded this as the most powerful form of government. As conceived, popularly elected House of Representatives would be checked and balanced by a more conservative Senate picked by state legislatures. (in 1913 the 17th Amendment changed this to the popular election of senators). Hamilton observed in letter number 78 that, A democratic assembly is to be checked by a democratic senate and both these by a democratic chief magistrate (318). In what many historians agree is his most brilliant essay, number 78. Hamilton defended the Supreme Courts right to rule upon the constitutionality of laws passed by national or state legislatures. This historically crucial power of judicial review, he argued, was an appropriate check on the legislature, ;The pestilential breath of faction may poison the fountains of justice; (317). Hamilton rejected the British system of allowing the Parliament to override by majority vote any court decision it finds to its dislike. ;The courts of justice are to be considered the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments; (318). Only the difficult process of amending the Constitution or the gradual transformation of its members to another viewpoint, could reverse the Supreme Courts interpretation of that document. In the most original of The Federalist Papers, Number 10. Madison addressed this double challenge. .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .postImageUrl , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:hover , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:visited , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:active { border:0!important; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:active , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Justice Billy Budd Essay His main concern was the need, To break and control the violence of faction (36). Meaning political parties. He regarded political partys as the greatest danger to popular government. Madison wrote: I understand a number of citizens are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. These passions or interests that endanger the rights of others may be . The Federalist Papers and Federalism Essay Example For Students The Federalist Papers and Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week. An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers. Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project. Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, Publius. In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madisons Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New Yorks and Virginias ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain its own political integrity (712). We will write a custom essay on The Federalist Papers and Federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government. On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible. The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for the commercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. In American Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation. The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77). He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in American 85). The Federalist Papers also provide the first specific mention we have of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse. Both Hamilton and Madison regarded this as the most powerful form of government. As conceived, popularly elected House of Representatives would be checked and balanced by a more conservative Senate picked by state legislatures. (in 1913 the 17th Amendment changed this to the popular election of senators). Hamilton observed in letter number 78 that, A democratic assembly is to be checked by a democratic senate and both these by a democratic chief magistrate (318). In what many historians agree is his most brilliant essay, number 78. Hamilton defended the Supreme Courts right to rule upon the constitutionality of laws passed by national or state legislatures. This historically crucial power of judicial review, he argued, was an appropriate check on the legislature, The pestilential breath of faction may poison the fountains of justice (317). Hamilton rejected the British system of allowing the Parliament to override by majority vote any court decision it finds to its dislike. The courts of justice are to be considered the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments (318). Only the difficult process of amending the Constitution or the gradual transformation of its members to another viewpoint, could reverse the Supreme Courts interpretation of that document. In the most original of The Federalist Papers, Number 10. Madison addressed this double challenge. .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .postImageUrl , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:hover , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:visited , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:active { border:0!important; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:active , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Provisional Voting Essay His main concern was the need, To break and control the violence of faction (36). Meaning political parties. He regarded political partys as the greatest danger to popular government. Madison wrote: I understand a number of citizens are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. These passions or interests that endanger the rights . The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay Example For Students The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week.An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers.Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project.Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. We will write a custom essay on The Federalist Papers And Federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, Publius.In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madisons Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New Yorks and Virginias ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain its own political integrity (712). Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government.On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible.The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for thecommercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. InAmerican Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation.The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77).He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in American 85). The Federalist Papers also provide the first specific mention we have of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse. Both Hamilton and Madison regarded this as the most powerful form of government.Asconceived, popularly elected House of Representatives would be checked and balanced by a more conservative Senate picked by state legislatures.(in 1913 the 17th Amendment changed this to the popular election of senators).Hamilton observed .. in letter number 78 that, A democratic assembly is to be checked by a democratic senate and both these by a democratic chief magistrate (318). In what many historians agree is his most brilliant essay, number 78. Hamilton defended the Supreme Courts right to rule upon the constitutionality of laws passed by national or state legislatures.This historically crucial power ofjudicial review,he argued, was an appropriate check on the legislature, The pestilential breath of faction may poison the fountains of justice (317). Hamilton rejected the British system of allowing the Parliament to override by majority vote any court decision it finds to its dislike. The courts of justice are to be considered the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments (318).Only the difficult process of amending the Constitution or the gradual transformation of its members to another viewpoint, could reverse the Supreme Courts interpretation of that document. In the most original of The Federalist Papers, Number 10. Madison addressed this double challenge. His main concern was the need, To break and control the violence of faction (36). .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .postImageUrl , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:hover , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:visited , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:active { border:0!important; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:active , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drunk driving EssayMeaning political parties.He regarded political partys as the greatest danger to popular government.Madison wrote: I understand a number of citizens are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. These passions or interests that endanger the rights of others may be religious or political or, most often, economic. Factions may divide along lines of haves and have-nots, creditors and debtors, or according to the kinds . The Federalist Papers and Federalism Essay Example For Students The Federalist Papers and Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week. An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers. Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project. Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, Publius. In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madisons Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New Yorks and Virginias ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain its own political integrity (712). We will write a custom essay on The Federalist Papers and Federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government. On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible. The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for the commercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. In American Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation. The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77). He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in American 85). The Federalist Papers also provide the first specific mention we have of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse. Both Hamilton and Madison regarded this as the most powerful form of government. As conceived, popularly elected House of Representatives would be checked and balanced by a more conservative Senate picked by state legislatures. (in 1913 the 17th Amendment changed this to the popular election of senators). Hamilton observed in letter number 78 that, A democratic assembly is to be checked by a democratic senate and both these by a democratic chief magistrate (318). In what many historians agree is his most brilliant essay, number 78. Hamilton defended the Supreme Courts right to rule upon the constitutionality of laws passed by national or state legislatures. This historically crucial power of judicial review, he argued, was an appropriate check on the legislature, The pestilential breath of faction may poison the fountains of justice (317). Hamilton rejected the British system of allowing the Parliament to override by majority vote any court decision it finds to its dislike. The courts of justice are to be considered the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments (318). Only the difficult process of amending the Constitution or the gradual transformation of its members to another viewpoint, could reverse the Supreme Courts interpretation of that document. In the most original of The Federalist Papers, Number 10. Madison addressed this double challenge. .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .postImageUrl , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:hover , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:visited , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:active { border:0!important; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:active , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adolecent Behavior In The School Environment Essay His main concern was the need, To break and control the violence of faction (36). Meaning political parties. He regarded political partys as the greatest danger to popular government. Madison wrote: I understand a number of citizens are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. These passions or interests that endanger .

The History of Stem Cell Research

The History of Stem Cell Research Free Online Research Papers Stem cells, many have heard the name, but really don’t understand the theory or research behind it. Stem cell research had a slow uprising in the mid 1800’s and had exploded here in the 21st century. It started out with the discovery that some cells can regenerate or create other cells. Now stem cell research is stuck in a controversy over the usage of these cells for research. The first real proof of stem cell capabilities was discovered in the early 1900’s with the discovery of the regeneration of blood cells. They’re similar to cells that duplicate through mitosis and a new creation of another cell all together. The first stem cell research came along with the findings of animal and human stem cells. A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate into various kinds of cells and tissues. It’s somewhat similar to a blank micro chip; it can be made to be specialized at anything, like our stem cells. When certain conditions occur in the laboratory stem cells can be manipulated to be specialized to create various kinds of cells and tissues. The main reason for this research is the treatment of life threatening and debilitating diseases such as cancer Parkinson’s disease and even diabetes. If scientists are able to figure out the genetic programming of these cells then one day they can program them to work for our benefit and make human life better, more sufficient and give us the ability to repair damaged tissues and organs and better understand disease processes. In work with the human genome experiments and advanced gene-line engineering stem c ells can be the next cure for everything and the possibilities are endless. Cloning of humans and animals and the permanent resistance of harmful and currently incurable diseases is the goal of this research in whole. There are different kinds of stem cells that contribute to research, but all are not constitutionally considerate and lead to the debates that we have now that cripple this research and slow down our race; the human race. The discovery of the embryonic stem cells is important to research which can only be collected from the inner-mass of the blastocyst (unborn fetus) seven to 10 days after initial fertilization in a human female uterus. There is the fetal stem cell, which the cells are taken from the germ-line tissues that make up the gonads of aborted fetuses. Umbilical cord stems cells are similar to those found in adult bone marrow. Placenta stem cells can accumulate ten times more stem cells than umbilical cord blood. Then there are adult stem cells, many can be isolated and used for the goals that want to be reached, but let’s narrow it down. There are three broad categories of stem cells classified by their abilities to differentiate or vary. Totipotent stem cells can ne found in early embryos and each of these cells can create one full organism such as an identical twin, very useful in the cloning of any organism. Pluripotent are like the embryonic stem cells and can vary into over 200 different cell types found in every human. Multipotent stem cells are those of adult cord blood and fetal tissue stem cells. Their abilities are narrower than those of pluripotent cells, but already have successful records for cell based and minor gene based therapies. The use of these cells are very complicated, but can be attained. The first real use of them was the administration of adult stem cells in connection with bone- marrow transplants. At this time bone marrow was being administered through the mouth to patients who suffered from anemia and leukemia. This therapy had no success, but led to the quick discovery of lab experiments that ultimately showed that mice with defective marrow could be restored to complete health by infusing marrow from other mice into the mouse with defective marrow. These lead physicians across the globe wondering if marrow could be transplanted from one human to another, which today is called the allogeneic transplant. Early experimentation of this procedure was happening during the radiation accident in the late 1950’s which kept it low on radar. Usage of this procedure didn’t inflate until a French medical researcher (Jean Dausset) made a discovery about the human immune system that discovered antigens that were proteins connected to most human cells that are called HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens). Basically they determine what belongs to one body and what does not, such as, blood germs ect†¦ If the body doesn’t recognize the series of proteins or antigens on the cell walls of the cells then the body creates anti bodies and other things to dispose of it. A bone marrow between complete identical twins guarantees complete HLA compatibility between the donor and recipient. Not until the late 1600’s were scientists able to perform these kind of transplants on non identical siblings. The first successful transplant of unrelated bone marrow between two non siblings happe ned in ’73 requiring 7 transplants to be complete. With this, in ’84 the National Donor Society was created and is the first national list of donors, thanks to Congress and the Nation Organ Transplant Act. It allowed clearance to evaluate unrelated marrow, which lead to the NDWP (National Marrow Donor Program) that took over lists for hundreds of thousands of people in ’90. So far the NDWP has completed over 16,000 transplants for treatments of immunodeficiency and leukemia combined. Adult stem cells have also been a perfect candidate for research due to their ability to form many kinds of cells and tissues that can repair brain, liver and even heart cells, consumed by disease, but there were some very unhappy people debating these procedures. Pro-Life activists believe that it is unethical to take a life to save a life and started this debate. This is purely scientific and is rendering stem cell research hopeless because, it is totally impossible to harvest the potential of these cells using them to save the living and protect the â€Å"sanctity of life† at the same time. With plain fact that these cells possibly hold the secrets to cures preventions and treatments of the most undetermined diseases it would seem that this would be a no brainer. Politically though the battle is something of a tougher substance. This debate is clearly the battle over abortion and religiously an embryo is considered a life, but many families and patients depend on the use of these cells. Also, these cells would normally be discarded and put to no use. This debate has left political figureheads left with the fact that any decision made can be considered to be left at a reevaluation of positions. In ’73 a moratorium was placed on the government for federal funding of stem cell research. Then in ’88 a NIH panel voted 19 to 2 in favor of federal funding for research. In ’90 Congress voted to veto that overrode the moratorium on federal funding. Which was then vetoed by George Bush then lifted by Clinton, but changed his mind after a public outcry to him about religion. Thus banned in ’95. Again in 2000 it was allowed , but only on pre- existing aborted fetuses and or stem lines. Though the decision to give federal fund ing was difficult, Bush decided to give way to stem cell lines that are already in various stem cell facilities, but leaving all excess embryos (over 100,000) left to be discarded in these facilities. He said that had to take upon this issue with great care. He left the funding for adult stem cell research at 250,000 dollars per year. In Novembers 2004 election California had a Stem Cell research funding ballot that won 60% to 40% and has established the California Institute for Regenerative Health to regulate the cost of research and the research facilities. Before it was as simple as a mother who willingly signs to donate her embryo after independently deciding to abort pregnancy, but now that has been destroyed. Political debate has crippled the thought of having a faster way of acquiring these cells for research, but still continues and gives everyone a chance to prove what human life has to offer even at the brink of death or destruction. Stem cells can be a new light for many and give those dying a chance for survival, but if lives are to be taken away for that, what is the price for our actions and is it worth it? This debate is no where near over and the future of the living and â€Å"living† is at hand and it is not something that any of these side will easily give in to. Some believe it is a personal right to be able to have abortions and donate their offspring to the future of mankind and some stick to their morale ethics because, it is what they believe. There is only one answer and no mid-point between them. Research Papers on The History of Stem Cell ResearchGenetic EngineeringAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentThree Concepts of PsychodynamicPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on Children

Mettre les pieds dans le plat - French Expression

Mettre les pieds dans le plat - French Expression Expression: Mettre les pieds dans le plat Pronunciation: [ meh treu lay pyay da(n) leu pla] Meaning: To mess up, to speak with excessive candor, to discuss something inappropriate Literal translation: To put ones feet in the dish Register: Informal Notes You cant help but notice the similarity between the French expression mettre les pieds dans le plat and the English to put ones foot in ones mouth, but they dont mean quite the same thing. The French expression means to bring up a delicate subject without any delicacy at all, or to discuss a topic that everyone else is avoiding. This is probably not embarrassing to the speaker, who just wants to talk about that subject (even if that means unintentionally embarrassing everyone else in the room). The English expression, however, definitely implies embarrassment on the part of the speaker, since it means that youve just committed a social blunder by saying just about anything you shouldnt have, possibly about something that is- was- a secret (such as the person youre talking to getting fired, or you knowing about someones extra-marital affair). This would probably be translated by something generic like faire une gaffe. Examples   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je parle trà ¨s franchement- je mets souvent les pieds dans le plat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  I speak very frankly- often too frankly.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Oh l l, tu as bien mis les pieds dans le plat, l  !   Ã‚  Ã‚  Oh dear, you messed up there!

Sentencing Guidelines Reform Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sentencing Guidelines Reform - Research Paper Example Likewise alternatives have been looked at for offenders of non-violent crime, such as community service. The Need for Sentencing Reforms The prison population has been rapidly growing for many years, with an increase of 7% in the period from 2000 to 2005 (King, 2007). The cost per day per prisoner of keeping criminals incarcerated is significant making the increases in prison population detrimental to the budgets of many states. In addition, there are costs associated with building new prisons if the population increases to that extend, and the associated space and land use. This places heavy demand on policy makers to try and determine sentencing laws and reforms that will limit the prison population. Punishments for crime are developed for multiple reasons including political, such as trying to win votes in an election, however one of the predominant drivers is decreasing the level of crime. The potential outcomes for committing a crime play a large role when individuals decide whe ther to follow through with a crime. For example, crime and punishment can be viewed as part of an economic model, where those who consider crimes weigh up the benefits of the crime versus all the potential costs. If the punishment for crime is high compared to the reward, then they are more likely to reconsider, this is especially true if the likelihood of prosecution and punishment is high (Reynolds, 1990). For this reason changes in sentencing must look at a balance between keeping the number of prisoners low, but still providing effective punishment and deterrent for crimes. In addition, punishment for crime can act to change behavior in criminals. For example, drug offenders are often driven largely by a need which comes from their addiction, and thieves may be responding to greed. Prison life may change this desire in a portion of those who are incarcerated, giving them time to think about who they are and what they are doing. Programs within prison and outside of it that focu s on breaking addictive behaviors, such as treatment options for drug offenders can also be very productive methods of reducing crime rate. This is because without the addiction driving them, many criminals that committed drug offenses will no longer have the same strong need or desire to. Finally, incarceration is not an effective solution in all cases. When a crime is committed out of a perceived need, particularly in the case of drug addiction, incarceration acts as a punishment, but does nothing to reduce the likelihood of re-offense. When the criminal is released, the drivers that caused him to offend in the first case are still present, and re-offense is very likely. Drug Based Sentencing Reforms Sentencing reform legislation has focused on criminals who have committed low level offenses. This section will examine some of the types of legislation in more detail. Thirteen states passed legislation that looked at increasing the available options for drug treatment for the large number of non-violent drug-based crimes. Of these states, nine passed laws that created or extended sentencing diversion for drug offenders. Sentencing diversion involves sentencing sending the criminal to a facility or a program that worked with them in treating their drug problem. This was already present in a number of states, but sentencing reforms worked to clarify ambiguities within the law, thus allowing sentencing diversion to be used in an increased number of cases. Louisiana established a different sentencing diversion model for drug crimes than is used in other states. The model in this state allows for the sentence to be diverted and the individual to begin the treatment program without a statement of guilt, or a

How are the causes of the french revolution portrayed through the Essay

How are the causes of the french revolution portrayed through the visual arts - Essay Example Popular violence defined the French Revolution whose slogan was Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. Violent turmoil, which included the trial and execution of the king, warfare involving every major European power, vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror marked these changes. Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions are the subsequent events that one can trace to the Revolution as modern France took shape. Many causes brought about the French Revolution one major cause being the disputes between the different types of social classes in French society. The social structure of France was divided among three groups that included the First Estate, the Second Estate and the Third Estate. Each of these social groups had different types of people who presented the different views of the people within their structure. The Church or the Clergy was the First Estate, which during the ancient regime was equal in terms of its economic, social and spiritual power. Being the first estate, the church owned approximately 10 per cent of all the land in France. It paid no taxes but collected a tax on income or a tithe to support church activities such as running schools and caring for the poor. Of the entire clergy in France, about one-third of them served as parish priests who usually lived a hardworking life. They lived in luxury in Versailles, Paris and other major cities in France. Having approximat ely 1 to 2 per cent of the population, this Estate was the minority of the people in France. However, there were many poor clergymen in this Estate, and they too were going to support the Revolution. The Second Estate in French life was the nobility who made up less than 2 percent of the population and enjoyed extensive rights and privileges. Like the First Estate, they hardly paid any taxes but they taxed the peasantry. Nobles were generally the

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay My objective for graduate studies in Science is to prepare myself for the long term goal of pursuing a career in teaching and research. I have chosen to work in the area of Science which requires good Mathematical and Computer Science background. This decision will give me ample opportunity to consolidate my creative energies. My education suits this field as I have a Bachelor’s of Science with Honors in the field of Mathematics. I started teaching as soon as I finished BS (Honors) Mathematics in 2007. I taught Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science subjects to high school students, and greatly enjoyed this work. I live in Gujranwala, which is the seventh largest city of Pakistan. My surrounding has profound impacts on me. The social, economic and political instability in the region has stimulated me to play my part in the development of the people. Teaching gives me a sense of constructive participation in the region by giving others an intellect and funneling their energies in the constructive direction. At undergraduate level, I have studied courses both, analytical as well as numerical methods for Mathematical Modeling and Simulation, and Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations and Partial Differential Equations with Analytical solutions. I have learned and developed capabilities of programming using C/C++, Matlab and Mathematica. Moreover I have studied subjects in Physics, Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics, Analytical Dynamics and Computer Networks. Pakistan is a developing country with insufficient experts in science. To serve the needs of this industry, science needs to be developed and used. Thus conditions here are very conducive towards an application of my aspirations, when I return after completing my graduate studies. I would consider it my privilege to be able to pursue my graduate studies in Sweden and avail the excellent infrastructural facilities and research opportunities offered by university. I am sure that the stimulating academic environment and interaction with the distinguished faculty at university will prove immensely fruitful and facilitate my development as an individual researcher in my field.

Stereotyping of the Native Americans in the 1820s and 1830s Essay

Stereotyping of the Native Americans in the 1820's and 1830's For Americans moving west in the 1820's and 30's there was little firsthand knowledge of what the frontier would be like when they arrived. There was a lot of presumption about the Indians. Many felt, through the stories they heard and read, that they had sufficient information to know what the Indians would truly be like and how to respond to them. Unfortunately, as is described in James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, white settlers stereotyped the Native Americans as savage, heartless beasts. There was a rushing out of men, women, and children, with the cracking of rifles, the crashing of hatchets, the lunge of knives, with yells and shrieks such as would turn the spirit into ice and water to hearI saw the weakest of them all- the old grandma, with the youngest babe in her arms, come flying into the cornwhen the pursuercaught up with her and struck her down with his tomahawk. Then friend, he snatched the poor babe from the dying woman's arms and struck it with the same bloody hatchet. (qtd in Myers 48) Cooper's romanticizing of the Old West, created an inaccurate picture of Native Americans, but he was not the only one. Eighteenth and Nineteenth-century literature shows us many incorrect representations of Native Americans. With passages like the one above, captivity narratives, and the descriptions of Indian wars, is it any wonder that people were afraid of the Indians they would encounter out west? When people moved out into the frontier all the biased opinions they had been fed went with them. They took the mental pictures that the media of the day proposed and made them real in their minds eye. But the fear they took with them was almos... ... Shoe String Press Inc., 1977. Frizzell, Lodisa. Across the Plains to California in 1852. New York: New York Public Library, 1915. LeBeau, Sebastian (Bronco). "The Good River Reservation." April 2002. The Great Sioux Nation Website. Myres, Sandra L. Westering Women and the Frontier Experience 1800-1915. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982. "Noble savage." Webster's New World College Dictionary. 4th ed. 1999. Scheckel, Susan. Desert, Garden, Margin, Range: Chpt. 6: Mary Jemison and the Domestication of the American Frontier. Ed. Eric Heyne. New York, NY: Twayne Publishers, 1992. Seaver, James E. A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison. ed. June Namias. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University, 1992. Shaw, Anna H. The Story of a Pioneer. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1915.

Hofstede Comparison of Germany and China Essay

Hofstede’s five dimensions are a useful tool to give someone an insight of different cultures. These elements give a country’s behaviour tendencies rather than an exact prescription. There are weaknesses to Hofstede’s Five Dimension theory as it may too easily encourage stereotyping. Even in countries as small as the UK, not all citizens are alike – e.g. it is argued that the culture in the North of England is quite different to the South. Hofstede has also been criticized for being too simplistic; however Hofstede’s theory does give us a general base to work from. 74 countries are listed on Hofstede’s website from which information can be drawn to make comparisons not only between countries but against the world average to give a broader picture. The following graph gives a comparison between Germany and China. It also allows for assessment against the Asian average and World average and our own British culture as benchmarks. Hofstede Comparison: UK, Germany, China Asian Average and World Average Comparison of Germany and China Power Distance Index          Germany 35 LOW             China 80 HIGH Individualism                               Germany 67 HIGH            China 66 LOW Masculinity                                     Germany 66 HIGH            China 66 HIGH Uncertainty Avoidance       Germany 65 HIGH            China 30 LOW Long Term Orientation      Germany 31LOW                  China 118 HIGH Power Distance Index – PDI Power Distance measures equality of power in society and how much people are willing to allow or give in to superiority. Countries with high scores tend to operate with power being given to the top few, with little room for lower rank intervention. Low scoring countries either spread power through delegation or encourage input from more levels of society. Germany 35         China 80         World Average 55 LOW POWER DISTANCE CULTURES HIGH POWER DISTANCE CULTURES Democratic management Autocratic management Management and subordinates treat one another as equals. Mutual respect is given. Managers expect subordinates to obey them. Subordinates automatic respect with expecting it to be earned. Power is de-centralised Power is centralised Subordinates expect to offer their ideas and take initiative Managers take the initiative and subordinates obey given instructions. Subordinates expect to be consulted Subordinates expect to be told what to do. Status is disapproved Status and privileges for managers is expected and respected Social interactions are informal Social interactions are formal Narrow range of salaries Wider range of salaries Despite a large difference in PDI scores, Germany and China share some similarities with how workers accept authority and power. The above table shows typical examples of low power distance cultures however, Germany does not necessarily follow these traits despite having a low PDI score. Germans like order and regulations and in a both business and society people tend to know what is allowed and what is forbidden. Power Distance is a low 35 in Germany. It is the same as in the UK yet significantly below the World average of 55. This score suggests German society, work and families treat people with equality, encouraging collaboration and a fair cultural environment. German managers and employees are often close, (reflected in the medium to low power distance (PD) in German culture) because they believe that they are working together to create a good product. Germany has  a democratic political system and is de-centralised. Business organisations tend to have flat structures with relatively small numbers of supervisors, however it also is known to be departmentalised and centralised (Dereksy, 2011). In business, Germans are known to be assertive, though not aggressive. Decisions are centralised although on occasion consensus is sometimes sought if the situation warrants it. Employees do not question the authority of their managers and are very loyal to their companies. Before most business deals are done, there has been considerable detailed analysis before commitment. Once a project or deal is committed to, staff have high trust in the order and China has a high ranking of 80 than both Germany and the World Average which means that the power distance remains high in business and in society in general. This means that people are less willing to challenge authority which is likely due to old communism beliefs which still have a strong influence on people’s behaviour. China continues to receive cri ticism for not taking human rights seriously. When doing business in China one must be aware of this large hierarchy gap. It is often hard to move up on their corporate ladder compared to other cultures. PDI Suggestions for manager coming from Germany to China In China, greetings are always done in age order, so ensure the eldest in the room is greeted first. Status is very important in China so do not call someone by their Christian name until they invite you to do so. Instead, always address them by using their full title, eg Dr or Professor. Ensure your business cards have your full qualifications on. If any large announcements to general staff are needed, request a senior member of management do it. Do not expect senior management to accept your ideas. Whilst they most likely will have no intention of accepting any ideas you may offer, they may politely say they will consider them to save â€Å"face†. â€Å"Let us think about it† is the Chinese way of saying â€Å"no† Use power to exercise authority Tell subordinates what to do – do not expect them to work it out themselves. Individualism Individualism refers to how independent people are. Countries with high scores indicate people are self- motivated, more self-reliant and self-concerned whereas countries with lower scores suggest citizens conform to society’s norms and consider group needs as more important than their own. Germany 67China 20World Average 43 Germany scored 67 points on individualism, the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only. That score is 56% higher than the world average score for individualism. Therefore, Germany has a highly individualistic society. In such cultures individuality, independence, and self-determination are valued. Trompenaar agrees that Germans place high priority on looking after themselves and their immediate family. At work, however, Germans jointly assume responsibilities and achieve goals in groups. Negotiating decisions is often referred to committees. Hofstede found that wealthier countries tended to have higher scores in Individualism (Hodgetts et al, 2006) however, given that China is now the second largest economy in the World and their IND score is only 20 Hofstede’s theory can be disputed. The Chinese rank lower than any other Asian country in the Individualism (IDV) ranking, at 20 compared to an average of 25. This may be attributed, in part, to the high level of emphasis on a Collectivist society by the Communist rule, as compared to one of Individualism. Confucianism also plays a large part as Chinese place value on long term satisfaction than short-term greed. Harmony is achieved by giving â€Å"face† to others and avoiding losing your own â€Å"face.† In collectivist cultures such as China, people work together in groups and often put the needs of that group ahead of their own personal wants. They embrace shared responsibility. Chinese business habits tend to stay with the same partners or suppliers to keep loyalty and not deteriorate relationships. So when doing business with others it is a good idea to select a good strong partnership that has potential to last a long time. It is looked down upon if you frequently change business partners. IDV Suggestions for manager coming from Germany to China Focus on how change is good for the group (appeal to the common interest). Allow the group to formulate and ask questions. Allow the group to consult with each other and spend time working out their responses, questions, and concerns Aim to build lasting relationships Try working through an individual or an organization who introduces you formally–Chinese like to work with people they know Avoid asking pointed questions Do not expect decisions made at meetings as meetings are merely forums for exchange of information Allow time in meetings for team members to consent and consult Standing out from the crowd can be viewed as very negative and result in personal difficulties, therefore try to blend in with the group and put their needs first. Masculinity Masculinity looks at how people react to one another. Countries with high masculine scores tend to have a society which respects stereotypical male behaviour: hedonistic, materialistic, dominant, aggressive and competitive, viewing feminine behaviour as weak. Countries with low masculinity scores tend to have strong welfare support and more equality between the sexes. Germany   66          China 66         World Average 50 Germany scored 66 points on masculinity, a cultural characteristic in which success, money and material possessions form the dominant values in society. That score is 32% higher than the world average score for masculinity yet equal to that of the UK and China. According to Hofstede’s model, Germans place greater importance on earnings, recognition, advancement and challenge. Germany is a male-dominated society; few married women work outside the home However, this is slowly changing in the younger generations of Germany. Women are becoming more accepted in higher positions. Officially, women in China have the same rights as men in the workplace and the party has promoted this sense of equality over the past thirty years or so. However, traditional Confucian thinking does not sit easily with this notion of gender equality and it is somewhat ironic that the liberalisation policies of the last decade might have reversed many of the advances made by women in Chinese society under the previous hard-line regimes. In China, the strong preference of boys is due to the traditional values. Men hold most of the responsibility and power positions although there is a high level of  consensus between genders in China. However, the responsibility for finding childcare still tends to fall with women which may be a contributor to the low numbers of women in senior management positions. The value placed on work is similar in Germany and China, according to Hofstede, yet both countries have few women in senior management. MAS Suggestions for manager coming from Germany to China Foreign businesswomen will be treated with great respect and courtesy. They may find that, within a delegation, the Chinese defer to male colleagues regardless of the actual seniority of the western party – the Chinese assumption being that the male will naturally be the decision-maker. Therefore a German woman manager must anticipate this and not be offended by this reaction so she â€Å"saves face† Gradually over time, this apparent sexism will fade if she takes the time and gentle grace to build relationships slowly. Uncertainty Avoidance Index Uncertainty avoidance, as the name suggests, focuses on how and by whom risk is managed. Countries with low levels of uncertainty indicate strong governmental control to maintain as much stability and order as possible for risk elimination. Countries with lower scores tend to allow individuals to manage their own risks, which provide environments with more innovation. Germany 65       China 30       World average 64 Germany scored 65 points on Hofstede’s uncertainty avoidance index. That score is only 1% above the world average score for uncertainty avoidance. Thanks to their need for security, Germans insist on written rules and detailed codes of conduct. Germans are not keen on uncertainty, by planning everything carefully they try to avoid the uncertainty. In Germany there is a society that relies on rules, laws and regulations. Germany wants to reduce its risks to the minimum and proceed with changes step by step. China presents a high degree of acceptance of uncertainty, which is a characteristic of a society that does not try to take control of the future, and that is not afraid of unforeseen situations. Contrary to Germany, Chinese society does not feel such an urge to establish strict rules to  overcome uncertainty or ambiguity. It is also characteristic of a society that is more tolerant towards opinions, behaviours that are different from its own, and changes. And it is a more meditative society which does not feel the need of controlling its environment. UAI Suggestions for manager coming from Germany to China Present a bottom line and an objective, then build your case around questions Expect frequent rescheduling of meetings. It is a good idea to set up appointments a few weeks in advance and reconfirm 1-2 days before the scheduled meeting Long-term Orientation Long-term Orientation concerns how cultures view time and perseverance, whether business and relationships are nurtured over a period of time or if more emphasis is placed on short-term reward. Long-Term Orientation is the fifth dimension of Hofstede which was added after the original four to try to distinguish the difference in thinking between the East and West. From the original IBM studies, this difference was something that could not be deduced. Therefore, Hofstede created a Chinese value survey which was distributed across 23 countries Germany 31       China 118      World Average 45 . Short-term Orientation Long-term Orientation Immediate gratification required Deferred gratification Traditions are sacred and upheld Traditions adapt to change Consumption values are taught Frugality and perseverance is taught Spend Save or invest Quick profits Building a lasting business income Analytical thinking Synthetic thinking Germany is typical of Westernised cultures with regards to having short-term orientation. Germany is renowned for its appreciation of efficiency. People from cultures where managers are expected to develop a closer, more intimate ambience can see the German manager-subordinate relationship as distant and cold. Germans put truth and directness before diplomacy, believing that the fact is the important issue and that personal emotions should not deflect the truth from being spoken. This directness can be interpreted by certain cultures such as China, as rude. China slow and steady wins the race for business deals. Building strong, reliable, lasting relationships is key for the Chinese. A certain amount of trust must be gained before any decision is met. It may take three to four times the length of time to finish the business deal compared to your cultural standards. So if you do not come to a fast agreement, don’t be discouraged, make the client feel comfortable and show your p atience. The Chinese never like to rush into things. Geert Hofstede analysis for China has Long-term Orientation (LTO) the highest-ranking factor of all countries. China has such a high LTO score, it is even 30% higher than the Asian average score which is already nearly twice the World average. This shows how much emphasis China places on this dimension, indicating a society’s time perspective and an attitude of persevering; that is, overcoming obstacles with time, if not with will and strength. This means that perseverance and economy are the basic values in China, these values being taught by Confucianism, which is widely established in China. Also, Chinese culture is neutral, contrary to the French culture which is affective. Which means that in China feelings are not readily expressed and physical contact avoided, while in France like in all other Mediterranean cultures the behaviour is expressive and gestured, and people like to express their feelings and physical contact. Chines e culture is marked by respect and loyalty, which makes them reliable partners. They favour the interest of the group and in particular are extremely perseverant and formidable business people. LTO Suggestions for manager coming from Germany to China This is arguably the area requiring the most attention from a German manager. Meetings are about building relationships and exchanging information – it is rare for a decision to be made within the meeting. Therefore a German manager must not show impatience. Use less direct language Hold back on the truth, to help others save â€Å"face† Build relationships slowly. Try â€Å"gift giving†, as a thank you is often not considered enough, and at worst rude. Allow the group to consult with each other and spend time working out their responses, questions, and concerns Bing., J.,W., 2011. Hofstede’s consequences: The impact of his work on consulting and business practices, An Executive Summary. ITAP International Inc . Available from: http://www.itapintl.com/facultyandresources/articlelibrarymain/hofstedes-consequences-the-impact-of-his-work-on-consulting-and-business-practices.html [Accessed 17 March 2011]. Burke, R., J., Cultural Values and Women’s Work and Career Experiences. Deresky, H., 2011. International Management Managing Across Borders and Cultures. 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Hodgetts, R., M., and Luthans, F., and Doh, J. P., 2006. International Management. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill WorldBusinessCulture.com, 2011. For both China and Germanyhttp://www.worldbusinessculture.com/Women-in-Business-in-China.html

Microsoft Recruiting Strategy

Those people adapt faster to new situation and hence solve problems much faster, and it is also unnecessary to antenna them their cooperate culture. Rule N minus 1 To keep the people busy and permanently challenged. The HRS management has developed a general rule of hiring people. The so-called n minus 1 rule. What Is this rule, it basically means that Microsoft is not hiring the needed amount of employees, instead they hire less than needed. In this case, they are not pressured to fill up all the positions and can make sure only to hire the best and most fitted for the Job.All the employees are challenged with more work to keep workstation and work performances high. Hire/ no hire – system In Microsoft, the hiring process followed the strict hire or no hire system. The system works Like this. There are approximately 10 Interviewers for one employee and all of them have evaluate the candidate base on his creativity, problem solving skill and their personal opinion. Then they a re bound to give their vote of hire or no-hire. All the results come together and finally the manager over the position, which to be filled, will decide on those results and his personal opinion over the candidate.Babbler says, if we are not 100% sure that we want this guy, we always don't hire. Hiring mediocre is far worse than hire the bad. Work environment Campus Work Place Since most people are recruited fresh from college education, most employees lack comfortable and familiar. So he created his firm to look like a campus for fresh off college employees. The offices of the employees were all closed offices which you could decorate and personalize. Those reminded more of dormitories than of offices.A garden and a small pound in the middle of the campus for leisure and creative thinking process were also included. Caffeine culture Microsoft spent a lot of money for mandated benefits for their employees. The key to this strategy is to bind the workers as long to their workplace as possible. So the average day of a Microsoft employee looked like this: get up in the morning, drive to work, do some work, breakfast, do some more work, lunch, do more work, dinner, drive home sleep. The cafeteria was subsidized and basically everything with caffeine was for free – to raise productivity.Feeling of a small company Bill Gates wanted to keep the feeling of his company the same one when they first founded Microsoft – a small company. To ensure that, he splinted his firm into small divisions and even smaller workups. That way people felt more important of their job, not like some wheels in a big company. Development Personal mentoring To ensure competitiveness, Microsoft has developed a ladder system – linked to their salaries. If work was accomplished in a satisfactory way, one could climb up the ladder without being promoted to management level.This system is especially fitting to Microsoft, since most newly recruited employees were high technical ly skilled programmer, that meant not everyone of those people was a good manager. Don't fire the learning When people at Microsoft fail at some projects, they won't have to fear being fired. Bill Gates says that it would be stupid to fire people who Just learned a lot from allures and give them away to other companies. Instead they even get promoted to other projects to encourage them and motivate them to do better on this new project.Review and Reward SMART system. It was a evaluation system of the employees achievement based on his work results quantified in Specific, Measurable, attainable, result-based, and time-bound features. That way, comparison between coworkers was made possible. Evaluation system Everyone at Microsoft was evaluated twice a year. They were given a rating between one (poor) and 5 (outstanding) to evaluate their work. All employees had to evaluate homeless first before seeing their supervises and getting evaluated by them.That way it was made sure that every one stayed on track and was getting permanently challenged. If an employee had no idea of what rating they were going to get, it meant that their manager did a poor Job. Options Last but not least, people were motivated with options on the firm. It not only meant, being rewarded for their present work but also meant to reward those in the future, to bind monetary rewards to the future performance of the firm, which is all dependent on the employees performances.

Medicinal use of marijuana essays

Medicinal use of marijuana essays In society today, there are many serious diseases that plague nations all across the world. Diseases like Glaucoma, Epilepsy, Parkinsons disease, and migraine headaches. What do all of these serious illnesses have in common? Every one of theses sicknesses can be cured or helped by the use of Marijuana. Throughout this paper I will discuss the positive aspects of Marijuana. This issue has been raising a lot of eyebrows ever since scientific evidence has been provided that links Marijuana to the cure and decrease of certain illnesses. The main reason that Marijuana has been looked down upon by so many people for so long is because many individuals abuse the drug. An obvious setback to legalizing marijuana for medicinal uses is that the number of people that abuse the drug will undoubtedly increase. I decided upon the question Should Marijuana be Medicine? because I wanted to confirm my strong beliefs of an anti-drug policy, but after research, my attitude towards medical marijuana changed because it seems the benefits far out-weigh the risks. Of the 60 some chemicals unique to the marijuana plant, the main psychoactive ingredient and the one for exploring the physiological as well as the psychological role in the anandamide system is delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, or more commonly known as THC. The anandamide system is concerned with mood, memory and cognition, perception, movement, coordination, sleep, thermoregulation, appetite, and immune response. Cannabis is the term used to describe the dried hemp spike. When burned and inhaled, the cannabis receptors bond to the macrophages in the brain and spine, which control the anandamide system. Macrophages are chemicals in the body, which attack the infected areas in the body and help take away the waste from an injury. THC acts as a catalyst in this process. It speeds up the macrophages disposal of the waste and is why therapeutic relief comes as such...

Wilma Rudolph Quotes

Wilma Rudolph Quotes The fastest woman in the world at the 1960 Olympics where she won three gold medals, Wilma Rudolph wore metal braces on her legs as a child. Known for her dignity and grace, Wilma Rudolph died of brain cancer in 1994. Selected Wilma Rudolph Quotations Never underestimate the power of dreams and the influence of the human spirit. We are all the same in this notion. The potential for greatness lives within each of us. My doctors told me I would never walk again. My mother told me I would. I believed my mother. The triumph cant be had without the struggle. And I know what struggle is. I have spent a lifetime trying to share what it has meant to be a woman first in the world of sports so that other young women have a chance to reach their dreams. I dont consciously try to be a role model, so I dont know if I am or not. Thats for other people to decide. I tell them that the most important aspect is to be yourself and have confidence in yourself. I remind them the triumph cant be had without the struggle. No matter what accomplishments you make, somebody helps you. I thought Id never get to see that. Florence Griffith Joyner every time she ran, I ran. about her leg braces: I spent most of my time trying to figure out how to get them off. But when you come from a large, wonderful family, theres always a way to achieve your goals. I walked with braces until I was at least nine years old. My life wasnt like the average person who grew up and decided to enter the world of sports. My mother taught me very early to believe I could achieve any accomplishment I wanted to. The first was to walk without braces. I ran and ran and ran every day, and I acquired this sense of determination, this sense of spirit that I would never, never give up, no matter what else happened. By the time I was 12 I was challenging every boy in our neighborhood at running, jumping, everything. The feeling of accomplishment welled up inside of me, three Olympic gold medals. I knew that was something nobody could ever take away from me, ever. When I was going through my transition of being famous, I tried to ask God why was I here? what was my purpose? Surely, it wasnt just to win three gold medals. There has to be more to this life than that. What do you do after you are world famous and nineteen or twenty and you have sat with prime ministers, kings and queens, the Pope? Do you go back home and take a job? What do you do to keep your sanity? You come back to the real world. When the sun is shining I can do anything; no mountain is too high, no trouble too difficult. I believe in me more than anything in this world. Related Resources for Wilma Rudolph Women in Track and FieldWomen in the Olympics Explore Womens Voices and Womens History Womens Voices - About Womens QuotesPrimary SourcesBiographiesToday in Womens HistoryWomens History Home About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis 1997-2005. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not be able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote. Citation information:Jone Johnson Lewis. Wilma Rudolph Quotes. About Womens History. URL: http://womenshistory.about.com/od/quotes/wilma_rudolph.htm . Date accessed: (today). (More on how to cite online sources including this page)

Marketing and consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing and consumer behavior - Essay Example This is due to the weakness of lack of understanding of the cultural philosophy of company by the buyers. At this point, the urgent need to deeply look at consumer buying and its influence on the organisation in the market is respectfully essential. The purchasing behaviour for business consumer and non-business consumer tends to be distinctively different; characteristics of each group can be summed up into few elements that have a power to draw a comparison between them. These elements include: For the company examined, the characteristic of buying quantity is related to other multi corporation companies. The brand Tomy Hilfiger has wide distribution channels over the world. The company spent more than three billion in 2002 to supply channels. Table 1 shows the differences between business buyer and consumer purchasing behaviour. Using numerous methods such as CPL advertising that ask consumers who are interested in their products to sign in for new newsletters so that the customers emails can be generated in order to reach targeted audience in consumer market. (www.panforix.com). The capability of companies to sustain their consumers to buy more products with the purpose of generating more profits seems not to be characterized by simplicity. Culture, personality and motivation are three of several components of consumer’s influential factors which have a great impact on their purchasing behaviour (Yakup&Jablonsk,2012). Culture is defined as â€Å"sum of a shared purpose among members of societies, customs, norms and traditions â€Å". Thus, buyers’ conduct is affected by this, when decisions are made. Saudi Arabia as an emergent market and most important market for foreign sourced products has become culturally more sensitive. Market segmentation and targeting are main issues raised by this. Saudi female buyers are more willing to buy smart clothes than buying American casual clothing style while Saudi males are more pleasant to buy branded